We were three college buddies with lots of skiing and camping experience between us. So when I moved to Wyoming we decided to take a little winter trip inside Yellowstone National Park. [Gallery]
Richard, Al, Christophersource:NPS
We checked in at the South Entrance Ranger Station. Our first task was to ford the Lewis River (we’d brought hip-waders for this, which we cached for the return trip).
Once across we followed the Snake River for a mile or two and then decided to camp before it got dark. My winter camping experience had taught me that tents weren’t very practical. Instead we shoveled out a sleeping platform in a shallow trench. We topped this with a tarp anchored on three sides. It was really quite cosy!
The next day we proceeded along the river and encountered small thermal features flowing into the river.
We indulged ourselves with a hot bath in an outflow stream. [It’s not safe or legal to enter the thermal features directly.]
Later that day we crossed the river and started climbing up a saddleback ridge. It was tough going so we quit early to make our second snow camp and do a bit of skiing without packs.
We dined that night in sight of our destination, the Heart Lake Geyser Basin. So close and yet so far!
The next day we skied down the valley back to our first camp and out the next day. As we forded the stream for the second time a family of River Otters entertained us slipping and sliding on the snow!
My Wife’s Grandfather worked as a chemist for The Tilden Company in Upstate New York during the early 1900s. As a result we came into possession of his “Recipe Book” for the plethora of nostrums and remedies he helped create. Some of the ingredients are still sold today under various brand names. Some are humorous, others are forgotten, while still others are downright dangerous. The following installments are my exploration of this unique window into the medical past. [Note: We donated the actual book to the historical section of the National Library of Medicine.]
The Tilden Company (circa 1930) source: NLHS
The book is mostly a unordered compilation of the labels that appeared on the various products they sold. There are a limited number of handwritten notes as well. Here is the full first page.
The words “Poison”, “Opium” and “Strychnine” sort of jump off the page. Let’s look a bit closer a the bottom/center item.
Good for What Ails You
Note the alcohol component of 12-17%. This would presumably “fortify” the patient. Alcohol was a common primary ingredient or base for many daily tonics. I wonder why?
Let’s start with Maltopepsine. This appears to be a Tilden brand concoction of digestive enzymes and acids. A search yielded nothing current about it, but plenty of very old medical journals mention it. Here is a full page ad from the 1895 Journal of Materia Medica.
source:google books
The rationalization for it being a “very perfect substitute” for missing (?) body fluids and relying on “the indubitable testimony” of a few “reliable” physicians is quaint but hardly evidence-based as they claim.
Moving on to the other ingredients, supplemental Iron (in alcohol of course!) may still be used as a tonic in some quarters. No big surprise there but it does have GI effects, mostly constipation.
Quinine (of gin & tonic fame) is next. During my early career it was given to patients with leg cramps. Apparently it helped because there was a hue and cry when it was taken off the market in the 2000s because it’s also known to cause bleeding and arrhythmias. It is still used to prevent and even treat malaria.
Finally there’s Strychnine!! Extracted from the plant Strychnos nux-vomica it is a central nervous stimulant, anti-emetic, and at higher doses a deadly poison. According to the ad the elixir was used by pregnant women and infants. Yikes!
Most of these patent medicines had multiple active ingredients (the “shotgun approach“) and were used to treat broad groups of symptoms and/or diseases. From the physician’s standpoint this made diagnosis and therapeutic decisions rather simple.
“Cerebral Sedative”
Now let’s consider the two labels marked “Poison” near the top. I’ll note here that these are the only oral medication labels in the collection thus marked.
Of course we start off with Alcohol 20%. Add a little Opium resin and you have a Tincture (one or more substances dissolved in alcohol). This is better known as Laudanum of novel and movie fame. The “40 M” may refer to molar concentration (?), but I can’t pin this down.
Chloral Hydrate is a potent sedative that was in common use until the past few decades. It may be the original date rape drug referred to as “slipping someone a Mickey” (a frequent plot element in old movies). It was commonly used to treat psychiatric patients and children. It is no longer available in the US.
Potassium Bromide is a sedative and anticonvulsant that is no longer used in human medicine. Gelsemium is a native plant containing alkaloids related to strychnine.
Units of Measure
The labels make reference to units of measure that are mostly gone, and in some cases obscure:
M – molar concentration??
m – ?? short for minim?
grs (grain) – 1/7000th of a pound (this is where we get the odd size of a standard aspirin tablet (5 grains = 325mg)
minim – 1/480th of a fluid ounce
dram – short for drachm, 60 grains or one eighth of an ounce, or 60 minims or one eighth of a fluid ounce
Haimased
Next we’ll consider the simpler concoction “Haimased” that was prescribed for high blood pressure. It has just two ingredients: Alcohol (no surprise there!) and SodiumThiocyanate.
Here is a description (ad?) from an Ohio medical publication:
Lower blood pressure effectively…safely, with this time-tested Sodium Thiocyanate formula. The proved clinical record of Haimased for 27 years and more than 1,500,000 prescriptions shows this to be the therapy of choice over the newer, potentially more toxic Hexamethonium-veratrum-rauwolfia preparations.
Bulletin of the Mahoning County Medical Society (1962)
Sodium Thiocyanate was first used to treat hypertension around 1900. It was apparently effective and safe enough for the time. It is however unpredictable and potentially toxic and was taken off the market except as a treatment for cyanide poisoning.
